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• 2017 CD-ROM and indices ISBN: 9781568872193
• Prepared for the American Academy of Forensic Psychology (AAFP)
• Edited by: Michael H. Fogel, PsyD, ABPP, Maureen Lyons Reardon, PhD, ABPP
• On ABFP Suggested Reading List
• Includes complete U.S. Supreme Court rulings on all of the cases on the ABFP suggested reading list
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Successful candidates for Specialty Board Certification in Forensic Psychology demonstrate a sound understanding of the theoretical and legal foundations for their professional work. A high degree of familiarity with landmark decisions in mental health law, particularly those influencing areas of forensic practice, is essential.
As part of its ongoing commitment to promoting standards of forensic practice that remain current with legal trends, the American Academy of Forensic Psychology (AAFP) has updated its compilation of legal decisions to reflect the most recent revisions to the suggested reading list generated by the American Board of Forensic Psychology (ABFP). Toward that end, several legal scholars and practitioners were asked to consider each case in terms of its legal significance and practical relevance. The materials are in PDF format and can be easily downloaded and printed out. Some decisions are reproduced in their entirety, others appear as synopses. Some materials are provided with the permission of Thomson/West, the publisher of Westlaw. In developing and refining the list of cases for inclusion, legal scholars and forensic practitioners analyzed each decision for both legal significance and forensic relevance.
Though not a substitute for the list of recommended readings compiled and updated by the American Board of Forensic Psychology (ABFP), those seeking ABFP certification will hopefully find the materials to be a valuable study tool.
Table of Contents
Listing by Mental Health Issues*
NOTE:
*Some cases may be listed in more than one category because of the
mental health issues involved, and others could arguably have been as
well. Category listings should not be assumed to represent the only
relevance of a case.
Child Abuse & Neglect
DeShaney v. Winnebago Cnty Dept. of Soc. Serv., 489 U.S. 189 (1989)
Dupuy v. Samuels, 397 F. 3d 493 (7th Cir. 2005)
Kentucky v. Stincer, 482 U.S. 730 (1987)
Santosky v. Kramer, 455 U.S. 745 (1982)
State v. Andring, 342 N.W. 2d 128 (Minn. 1984)
Child Custody & Parenting
Baltimore City Dept. of Soc. Serv. v. Bouknight, 493 U.S. 549 (1990)
DeShaney v. Winnebago Cnty Dept. of Soc. Serv., 489 U.S. 189 (1989)
Idaho v. Wright, 497 U.S. 805 (1990)
Lassiter v. Department of Social Services, 452 U.S. 18 (1981)
Maryland v. Craig, 497 U.S. 836 (1990)
Painter v. Bannister, 258 Iowa 1390, 140 N.W.2d 152 (1966)
Palmore v. Sidoti, 466 U.S. 429 (1984)
Pennsylvania v. Richie, 480 U.S. 39 (1987)
Santosky v. Kramer, 455 U.S. 745 (1982)
Troxel v. Granville, 530 U.S. 57 (2000)
White v. Illinois, 502 U.S. 346 (1992)
Civil Commitment
& Civil Competencies
Addington v. Texas, 441 U.S. 418 (1979)
Baxstrom v. Herold, 383 U.S. 107 (1966)
Caesar v. Mountanos, 542 F.2d 1064 (9th Cir. 1976)
Estelle v. Gamble, 429 U.S. 97 (1976)
Foucha v. Louisiana, 504 U.S. 71 (1992)
Heller v. Doe, 509 U.S. 312 (1993)
Jones v. U.S., 463 U.S. 354 (1983)
Lake v. Cameron, 364 F.2d 657 (1966)
Lessard v. Schmidt, 349 F.Supp. 1078 (E.D. Wis. 1972)
O’Connor v. Donaldson, 422 U.S. 563 (1975)
Parham v. JR, 442 U.S. 584 (1979)
Rennie v. Klein, 653 F.2d 836 (3rd Cir. 1981, overturned)
Rennie v. Klein, 720 F.2d 266 (3rd Cir. 1983)
Rogers v. Okin, 643 F.2d 650 (1980)
U.S. v. Salerno, 481 U.S. 739 (1987)
Washington v. Harper, 494 U.S. 210 (1990)
Wyatt v. Stickney, 344 F.Supp. 387 (M.D. Ala. 1972)
Youngberg v. Romeo, 457 U.S. 307 (1982)
Zinermon v. Burch, 494 U.S. 113 (1990)
Communicating Forensic Opinions - Expert Testimony & Report Writing
Bruce v. Byrne-Stevens & Assocs. Eng’rs, 113 Wn.2d 123 (1989)
Budwin v. American Psychological Assoc., 29 Cal. Rptr.2d 453 (1994)
Deatherage v. Examining Board of Psych, 948 P.2d 828 (Wash. 1997)
Jenkins v. U.S., 307 F.2d 637 (D.C. Cir. 1961)
Murphy v. A. A. Mathews, 841 S.W.2d 671 (Mo. 1992)
Competence to Stand Trial
Ake v. Oklahoma, 470 U.S. 68 (1985)
Cooper v. Oklahoma, 517 U.S. 348 (1996)
Drope v. Missouri, 420 U.S. 162 (1975)
Dusky v. U.S., 362 U.S. 402 (1960)
Estelle v. Smith, 451 U.S. 454 (1981)
G.J.I. v. State, 778 P.2d 485 (1989)
Jackson v. Indiana, 406 U.S. 715 (1972)
Medina v. California, 505 U.S. 1244 (1992)
Pate v. Robinson, 383 U.S. 375 (1966)
Riggins v. Nevada, 524 U.S. 127 (1992)
Sell v. United States, 539 U.S. 166 (2003)
Sieling v. Eyman, 478 F.2d 211 (9th Cir. 1973)
U.S. v. Duhon, 104 F.Supp.2d 663 (W.D.La. 2000)
Wilson v. U.S., 391 F.2d 460 (D.C. Cir. 1968)
Criminal Responsibility
Ake v. Oklahoma, 470 U.S. 68 (1985)
Clark v. Arizona, 548 U.S. 735 (2006)
Durham v. U.S., 214 F.2d 862 (D.C. Cir. 1954)
Edney v. Smith, 425 F.Supp. 1038 (1976)
Foucha v. Louisiana, 504 U.S. 71 (1992)
Frendak v. U.S., 408 A.2d 364 (D.C. Cir. 1979)
Ibn-Tamas v. U.S., 407 A.2d 626 (D.C. Cir. 1979)
Jones v. U.S., 463 U.S. 354 (1983)
Kansas v. Cheever, 134 S. Ct. 596 (2013)
McDonald v. U.S., 312 F.2d 847 (1962)
M’Naghten’s Case (1843)
Montana v. Egelhoff, 518 U.S. 37 (1996)
People v. Patterson, 39 N.Y.2d 288 (1976)
Powell v. Texas, 492 U.S. 689 (1989)
U.S. v. Brawner, 471 F.2d 969 (D.C. Cir. 1972)
Washington v. U.S., 129 U.S.App.D.C. 29, 390 F.2d 444 (1967)
Death Penalty
Atkins v. Virginia, 536 U.S. 304 (2002)
Barefoot v. Estelle, 463 U.S. 880 (1983)
Buchanan v. Kentucky, 483 U.S. 402 (1987)
Eddings v. Oklahoma, 436 U.S. 921 (1978)
Estelle v. Smith, 451 U.S. 454 (1981)
Ford v. Wainwright, 477 U.S. 399 (1986)
Furman v. Georgia, 408 U.S. 238 (1972)
Gregg v. Georgia, 428 U.S. 153 (1976)
Hall v. Florida, 134 S. Ct. 1986 (2014)
Kansas v. Cheever, 134 S. Ct. 596 (2013)
Lockett v. Ohio, 438 U.S. 586, 604 (1978)
Moore v. Texas, 137 S. Ct. 1039 (2017)
Panetti v. Quarterman, 127 S. Ct. 2842 (2007)
Payne v. Tennessee, 501 U.S. 808 (1991)
Roper v. Simmons, 543 U.S. 551 (2005)
Skipper v. S. Carolina, 476 U.S. 1 (1986)
Discrimination (ADA) & Educational Access (IDEA)
Burlington Industries, Inc. v. Ellerth, 524 U.S. 742 (1998)
Ellison v. Brady, 924 F.2d 872 (9th Cir. 1991)
Harris v. Forklift Systems, 510 U.S. 17 (1993)
Meritor Savings Bank v. Vinson, 477 U.S. 57 (1986)
Oncale v. Sundowner Offshore Services, Inc., 523 U.S. 75 (1998)
Ricci v. DeStefano, 129 S. Ct. 2658 (2009)
Ethics, Guidelines, & Professional Issues
& Duties
In re Lifschutz, 2 Cal. 3d 415, 467 P.2d 557 (1970)
Jaffee v. Redmond, 116 S. Ct. 1923 (1996)
Menendez v. Superior Court, 834 P.2d 786 (1992)
Juvenile Justice
Breed v. Jones, 421 U.S. 519 (1975)
Fare v. Michael C., 442 U.S. 707 (1979)
G.J.I. v. State, 778 P.2d 485 (1989)
Graham v. Florida, 130 S. Ct. 2011 (2010)
In re Gault, 387 U.S. 1 (1967)
In re Winship, 397 U.S. 358 (1970)
J.D.B. v. North Carolina, 131 S. Ct. 2394 (2011)
Kent v. United States, 383 U.S. 541 (1966)
McKeiver v. Pennsylvania, 403 U.S. 528 (1971)
Miller v. Alabama, 123 S. Ct. 2455 (2012)
Roper v. Simmons, 543 U.S. 551 (2005)
Thompson v. Oklahoma, 487 U.S. 815 (1988)
Laws, Precedents, Court Rules, & Civil & Criminal Procedure
Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, 516 U.S. 869 (1993)
Federal Rules of Civil Procedure (2016)
Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure (2016)
Federal Rules of Evidence (2016)
Frye v. U.S., 295 F. 1013 (D.C. Cir. 1923)
General Electric Co. v. Joiner, 522 U.S. 136 (1997)
Jenkins v. U.S., 307 F.2d 637 (D.C. Cir. 1961)
Kumho Tire Co. v. Carmichael, 526 U.S. 137 (1999)
Other Criminal Competencies
Berghuis v. Thompkins, 130 S. Ct. 2250 (2010)
Brown v. Mississippi, 297 U.S. 278 (1936)
Colorado v. Connelly, 497 U.S. 157 (1986)
Crane v. Kentucky, 476 U.S. 683 (1986)
Dickerson v. United States, 530 U.S. 428 (2000)
Escobedo v. Illinois, 378 U.S. 478 (1964)
Fare v. Michael C., 442 U.S. 707 (1979)
Faretta v. California, 422 U.S. 806 (1975)
Fellers v. United States, 540 U.S. 519 (2004)
Godinez v. Moran, 509 U.S. 389 (1993)
In re Gault, 387 U.S. 1 (1967)
Indiana v. Edwards, 554 U.S. 208 (2008)
J.D.B. v. North Carolina, 131 S. Ct. 2394 (2011)
Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436 (1966)
North Carolina v. Alford, 400 U.S. 25 (1970)
U.S. v. Marble, 940 F.2d 1543 (D.C. Dir. 1991)
Whalem v. U.S., 346 F.2d 812 (1965)
Personal Injury & Civil Damages
Bragdon v. Abbott, 524 U.S. 624 (1998)
Carter v. General Motors, 106 N.W.2d 105 (1960)
Dillon v. Legg, 441 P.2d 912 (1968)
Gough v. Natural Gas Pipeline Co. Amer., 996 F.2d 763 (5th Cir. 1993)
Molien v. Kaiser Foundation Hospital, 616 P.2d 813 (1980)
Molzof v. U.S., 911 F.2d, 18 (7th Cir. 1991), rev’d, 112 S. Ct. 711 (1992)
Plaisance v. Texaco. 735 F.Supp. 686 (E.D. LA, 1990)
TXO Production Corp. v. Alliance Resources, 509 U.S. 443 (1993)
Testing & Assessment, Judgment & Bias, & Examination Issues
Griggs v. Duke Power Co., 401 U.S. 424 (1971)
Hall v. Florida, 134 S. Ct. 1986 (2014)
U.S. v. Greer, 158 F.3d 228 (1998)
Treatment in Forensic Contexts
Baxstrom v. Herold, 383 U.S. 107 (1966)
Estelle v. Gamble, 429 U.S. 97 (1976)
Farmer v. Brennan, 114 S. Ct. 1970 (1994)
Vitek v. Jones, 445 U.S 480, 100 S. Ct. 1254 (1980)
Violence Risk Assessment & Quasi-Criminal Commitment
Barefoot v. Estelle, 463 U.S. 880 (1983)
Brady v. Hopper, 570 F.Supp. 1333 (1983)
Coble v. State, 330 S.W.3d 254 (2010)
Hedlund v. Sup. Court of Orange County, 669 P.2d 41 (1983)
Jablonski v. U.S., 712 F.2d 391 (9th Cir. 1983)
Kansas v. Crane, 534 U.S. 407 (2002)
Kansas v. Hendricks, 521 U.S. 346 (1997)
Lipari v. Sears Roebuck, 497 F.Supp. 185 (1980)
Tarasoff v. Brd of Regents Univ. CA, 17 Cal. 3d 415, 551 P.2d 334, 131
Witness Challenges
Crawford v. Washington, 541 U.S. 36 (2004)
Neil v. Biggers, 409 U.S. 188 (1972)
Perry v. New Hampshire, 132 S. Ct. 716 (2012)
Rock v. Arkansas, 483 U.S. 44 (1987)
State v. Henderson, 27 A.3d 872 (N.J. 2011)
White v. Illinois, 502 U.S. 346 (1992)
Worker's Compensation & Disability Evaluation
Black & Decker Disability Plan v. Nord, 538 U.S. 822 (2003)
Damascus v. Provident Life & Acc’d Ins, 935 F.Supp. 885 (ND CA 1996)
Ervin v. Amer Guardian Life Assur Co, 545 A.2d 354 (PA Super 1988)
Mass Mutual Life Insur. Co. v. Ouellette, 159 Vt. 187, 617 A.2d 132 (1992)
Ryans v. Lowell, 484 A.2d 1253 (N.J. Super. Ct. App. Div. 1984)
Alphabetical Listing of Legal Decisions
Addington v. Texas, 441 U.S. 418 (1979)
Ake v. Oklahoma, 470 U.S. 68 (1985)
Atkins v. Virginia, 536 U.S. 304 (2002)
Baltimore City Dept. of Soc. Serv. v. Bouknight, 493 U.S. 549 (1990)
Barefoot v. Estelle, 463 U.S. 880 (1983)
Baxstrom v. Herold, 383 U.S. 107 (1966)
Berghuis v. Thompkins, 130 S. Ct. 2250 (2010)
Black & Decker Disability Plan v. Nord, 538 U.S. 822 (2003)
Brady v. Hopper, 570 F.Supp. 1333 (1983)
Bragdon v. Abbott, 524 U.S. 624 (1998)
Breed v. Jones, 421 U.S. 519 (1975)
Brown v. Mississippi, 297 U.S. 278 (1936)
Bruce v. Byrne-Stevens & Assocs. Eng’rs, 113 Wn.2d 123 (1989)
Buchanan v. Kentucky, 483 U.S. 402 (1987)
Budwin v. American Psychological Assoc., 29 Cal. Rptr.2d 453 (1994)
Burlington Industries, Inc. v. Ellerth, 524 U.S. 742 (1998)
Caesar v. Mountanos, 542 F.2d 1064 (9th Cir. 1976)
Carter v. General Motors, 106 N.W.2d 105 (1960)
Clark v. Arizona, 548 U.S. 735 (2006)
Coble v. State, 330 S.W.3d 254 (2010)
Colorado v. Connelly, 497 U.S. 157 (1986)
Cooper v. Oklahoma, 517 U.S. 348 (1996)
Crane v. Kentucky, 476 U.S. 683 (1986)
Crawford v. Washington, 541 U.S. 36 (2004)
Damascus v. Provident L & A Ins., 935 F.Supp. 885 (N.D. Cal. 1996)
Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, 516 U.S. 869 (1993)
Deatherage v. Examining Brd of Psych, 948 P.2d 828 (Wash. 1997)
DeShaney v. Winnebago Cnty Dept. Soc. Serv., 489 U.S. 189 (1989)
Dickerson v. United States, 530 U.S. 428 (2000)
Dillon v. Legg, 441 P.2d 912 (1968)
Drope v. Missouri, 420 U.S. 162 (1975)
Dupuy v. Samuels, 397 F.3d 493 (7th Cir. 2005)
Durham v. U.S., 214 F.2d 862 (D.C. Cir. 1954)
Dusky v. U.S., 362 U.S. 402 (1960)
Eddings v. Oklahoma, 436 U.S. 921 (1978)
Edney v. Smith, 425 F.Supp. 1038 (1976)
Ellison v. Brady, 924 F.2d 872 (9th Cir. 1991)
Ervin v. Amer Guardian Life Assur Co, 545 A.2d 354 (Pa. Super. 1988)
Escobedo v. Illinois, 378 U.S. 478 (1964)
Estelle v. Gamble, 429 U.S. 97 (1976)
Estelle v. Smith, 451 U.S. 454 (1981)
Fare v. Michael C., 442 U.S. 707 (1979)
Faretta v. California, 422 U.S. 806 (1975)
Farmer v. Brennan, 114 S. Ct. 1970 (1994)
Federal Rules of Civil Procedure (2016)
Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure (2016)
Federal Rules of Evidence (2016)
Fellers v. United States, 540 U.S. 519 (2004)
Ford v. Wainwright, 477 U.S. 399 (1986)
Foucha v. Louisiana, 504 U.S. 71 (1992)
Frendak v. U.S., 408 A.2d 364 (D.C. Cir. 1979)
Frye v. U.S., 295 F. 1013 (D.C. Cir. 1923)
Furman v. Georgia, 408 U.S. 238 (1972)
General Electric Co. v. Joiner, 522 U.S. 136 (1997)
G.J.I. v. State, 778 P.2d 485 (1989)
Godinez v. Moran, 509 U.S. 389 (1993)
Gough v. Natural Gas Pipeline Co. Amer., 996 F.2d 763 (5th Cir. 1993)
Graham v. Florida, 130 S. Ct. 2011 (2010)
Gregg v. Georgia, 428 U.S. 153 (1976)
Griggs v. Duke Power Co., 401 U.S. 424 (1971)
Hall v. Florida, 134 S. Ct. 1986 (2014)
Harris v. Forklift Systems, 510 U.S. 17 (1993)
Hedlund v. Sup. Court of Orange County, 669 P.2d 41 (1983)
Heller v. Doe, 509 U.S. 312 (1993)
Ibn-Tamas v. U.S., 407 A.2d 626 (D.C. Cir. 1979)
Idaho v. Wright, 497 U.S. 805 (1990)
In re Gault, 387 U.S. 1 (1967)
In re Lifschutz, 2 Cal. 3d 415, 467 P.2d 557 (1970)
In re Winship, 397 U.S. 358 (1970)
Indiana v. Edwards, 554 U.S. 208 (2008)
J.D.B. v. North Carolina, 131 S. Ct. 2394 (2011)
Jablonski v. U.S., 712 F.2d 391 (9th Cir. 1983)
Jackson v. Indiana, 406 U.S. 715 (1972)
Jaffee v. Redmond, 116 S. Ct. 1923 (1996)
Jenkins v. U.S., 307 F.2d 637 (D.C. Cir. 1961)
Jones v. U.S., 463 U.S. 354 (1983)
Kansas v. Cheever, 134 S. Ct. 596 (2013)
Kansas v. Crane, 534 U.S. 407 (2002)
Kansas v. Hendricks, 521 U.S. 346 (1997)
Kent v. United States, 383 U.S. 541 (1966)
Kentucky v. Stincer, 482 U.S. 730 (1987)
Kumho Tire Co. v. Carmichael, 526 U.S. 137 (1999)
Lake v. Cameron, 364 F.2d 657 (1966)
Lassiter v. Department of Social Services, 452 U.S. 18 (1981)
Lessard v. Schmidt, 349 F.Supp. 1078 (E.D. Wis. 1972)
Lipari v. Sears Roebuck, 497 F.Supp. 185 (1980)
Lockett v. Ohio, 438 U.S. 586, 604 (1978)
Maryland v. Craig, 497 U.S. 836 (1990)
Mass Mutual Life Ins. Co. v. Ouellette, 159 Vt. 187, 617 A.2d 132 (1992)
McDonald v. U.S., 312 F.2d 847 (1962)
McKeiver v. Pennsylvania, 403 U.S. 528 (1971)
Medina v. California, 505 U.S. 1244 (1992)
Menendez v. Superior Court, 834 P.2d 786 (1992)
Meritor Savings Bank v. Vinson, 477 U.S. 57 (1986)
Miller v. Alabama, 123 S. Ct. 2455 (2012)
Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436 (1966)
M’Naghten’s Case (1843)
Molien v. Kaiser Foundation Hospital, 616 P.2d 813 (1980)
Molzof v. US, 911 F.2d, 18 (7th Cir. 1991), rev’d, 112 S. Ct. 711 (1992)
Montana v. Egelhoff, 518 U.S. 37 (1996)
Moore v. Texas, 137 S. Ct. 1039 (2017)
Murphy v. A. A. Mathews, 841 S.W.2d 671 (Mo. 1992)
Neil v. Biggers, 409 U.S. 188 (1972)
North Carolina v. Alford, 400 U.S. 25 (1970)
O’Connor v. Donaldson, 422 U.S. 563 (1975)
Oncale v. Sundowner Offshore Services, Inc., 523 U.S. 75 (1998)
Painter v. Bannister, 358 Iowa 1390, 140 N.W.2d 152 (1966)
Palmore v. Sidoti, 466 U.S. 429 (1984)
Panetti v. Quarterman, 127 S. Ct. 2842 (2007)
Parham v. JR, 442 U.S. 584 (1979)
Pate v. Robinson, 383 U.S. 375 (1966)
Payne v. Tennessee, 501 U.S. 808 (1991)
Pennsylvania v. Richie, 480 U.S. 39 (1987)
People v. Patterson, 39 N.Y.2d 288 (1976)
Perry v. New Hampshire, 132 S. Ct. 716 (2012)
Plaisance v. Texaco. 735 F.Supp. 686 (E.D. LA, 1990)
Powell v. Texas, 492 U.S. 689 (1989)
Rennie v. Klein, 653 F.2d 836 (3rd Cir. 1981, overturned)
Rennie v. Klein, 720 F.2d 266 (3rd Cir. 1983)
Ricci v. DeStefano, 129 S. Ct. 2658 (2009)
Riggins v. Nevada, 524 U.S. 127 (1992)
Rock v. Arkansas, 483 U.S. 44 (1987)
Rogers v. Okin, 643 F.2d 650 (1980)
Roper v. Simmons, 543 U.S. 551 (2005)
Ryans v. Lowell, 484 A.2d 1253 (N.J. Super. Ct. App. Div. 1984)
Santosky v. Kramer, 455 U.S. 745 (1982)
Sell v. United States, 539 U.S. 166 (2003)
Sieling v. Eyman, 478 F.2d 211 (9th Cir. 1973)
Skipper v. S. Carolina, 476 U.S. 1 (1986)
State v. Andring, 342 N.W.2d 128 (Minn. 1984)
State v. Henderson, 27 A.3d 872 (N.J. 2011)
Tarasoff v. Board Regents Univ. CA, 17 Cal.3d 415, 551 P.2d 334, 131
Thompson v. Oklahoma, 487 U.S. 815 (1988)
Troxel v. Granville, 530 U.S. 57 (2000)
TXO Production Corp. v. Alliance Resources, 509 U.S. 443 (1993)
U.S. v. Brawner, 471 F.2d 969 (D.C. Cir. 1972)
U.S. v. Duhon, 104 F.Supp.2d 663 (W.D.La. 2000)
U.S. v. Greer, 158 F.3d 228 (1998)
U.S. v. Marble, 940 F.2d 1543 (D.C. Dir. 1991)
U.S. v. Salerno, 481 U.S. 739 (1987)
Vitek v. Jones, 445 U.S 480, 100 S. Ct. 1254 (1980)
Washington v. Harper, 494 U.S. 210 (1990)
Washington v. U.S., 129 U.S.App.D.C. 29, 390 F.2d 444 (1967)
Whalem v. U.S., 346 F.2d 812 (1965)
White v. Illinois, 502 U.S. 346 (1992)
Wilson v. U.S., 391 F.2d 460 (D.C. Cir. 1968)
Wyatt v. Stickney, 344 F.Supp. 387 (M.D. Ala. 1972)
Youngberg v. Romeo, 457 U.S. 307 (1982)
Zinermon v. Burch, 494 U.S. 113 (1990)
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